Most Punjab farmers forced to spend beyond means, says study
Rajiv Shah* | Ahmedabad
Rural Punjab may be richer compared to the rest of India's rural areas but a recent study suggests that, with the exception of big farmers, all other categories – marginal, small, semi-medium and medium in accordance with their farm's size – are forced to spend more than what they actually earn. Titled 'Levels of Living of Farmers and Agricultural Labourers in Rural Punjab', the study maintains “large sections of farm households have been facing a great deal of distress and increased debt burden.”
Carried out by mainly by Punjabi University scholars Gian Singh, Anupama, Rupinder Kaur and Gurinder Kaur, and Sukhveer Kaur of the Dashmesh Khalsa College, Zirakpur, and published in the “Journal of Rural Development”, National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj, Hyderabad, the study states that “average propensity to consume comes to 1.15 for an average farm household”, suggesting that their income less than their spending.
According to the study, the propensity to consume is the highest (1.35) among the marginal farm-size category, and decreases as farm size increases. Thus, it says, “An average household incurs an annual deficit of Rs 43,940.95. The highest deficit of Rs 64,459.08 is incurred by the small farm-size category, followed by the marginal, semi-medium and medium farm size categories.” It underlines, only “the large farm-size category has a surplus of Rs 66,533.35.”
As for the farm workers,the average propensity to consume per household comes to 1.12, with an average agricultural labour household incurring an annual deficit of Rs 9,427.17. “This”, states the study, “Implies that agricultural labour households try to maintain a minimum level of consumption and whether they can afford it or not.” The result is, an average amount of debt per agricultural labour household comes to Rs 54,709.30.
Based on a primary survey in three Punjab districts, Mansa, Ludhiana and Hoshiarpur with a sample size of 1,007 farm households and 301 agricultural labour households in 27 villages, the study shows that the annual income earned is Rs 1,39,365.27, Rs 2,22,992.32, Rs 3,69,432.68, Rs 5,66,407.60 and Rs 12,02,780.38 for each household with marginal, small, semi-medium, medium and large farm-size categories, and Rs 81,452.17 for an agricultural labour household.
However, when it comes to consumption expenditure, the households belonging to the large farm-size category record it at Rs 11,36,247.03, which is less than the income. On the other hand, it says, “The annual consumption expenditure for the marginal, small, semi-medium and medium farm-size categories has been recorded at Rs 1,88,523.14, Rs 2,87,451.40, Rs 4,05,573.08 and Rs 5,97,275.52, respectively”. As for an average agricultural labour household, it is Rs 90,897.37.
Pointing out that “the consumption expenditure of the large farm-size category is found to be 6.03 times the consumption expenditure of the marginal farm-size category and 12.5 times the consumption expenditure of the agricultural labour households”, the study says, while the “an average sampled farm household spends 40.29 per cent on the non-durable items”, the marginal farm-size category “spends the maximum, i.e., 50.38 per cent of total consumption expenditure on such items.”
With an annual consumption expenditure of Rs 90,897.37, an average agricultural labour household, on the other hand, spends 56.63 per cent on the non-durable items, of which food grains comes to 14.06 per cent, followed by milk and milk products and clothing 11.56 per cent and 5.58 per cent, respectively, and 18.62 per cent on services, especially healthcare (8.72 per cent) and education (4.39 per cent).
As for the expenditure on conveyance, entertainment and communication, which include socio-religious ceremonies if the agricultural labour household spends 16.43 per cent. On the other hand, if the expenditure on socio-religious ceremonies alone account for 18.22 per cent for an average farm household, its proportion is a high 32.09 per cent among the large farm-size category.
While four-fifths of all agricultural households are under debt, and the average amount of debt per sampled farm household is Rs 4,74,215.99, with the amount of indebtedness going up with each farm size, the amount of debt per acre owned tells the real story: It is the highest among the marginal farmers (Rs 1.41 lakh), followed by small farmers (Rs 1.21 lakh), semi-medium farmers (Rs 82,000), medium farmers (Rs 63,000), and large farmers (Rs 58,000).
* The writer is Editor of Counterview. A version of this article first appeared here.
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Rural Punjab may be richer compared to the rest of India's rural areas but a recent study suggests that, with the exception of big farmers, all other categories – marginal, small, semi-medium and medium in accordance with their farm's size – are forced to spend more than what they actually earn. Titled 'Levels of Living of Farmers and Agricultural Labourers in Rural Punjab', the study maintains “large sections of farm households have been facing a great deal of distress and increased debt burden.”
Carried out by mainly by Punjabi University scholars Gian Singh, Anupama, Rupinder Kaur and Gurinder Kaur, and Sukhveer Kaur of the Dashmesh Khalsa College, Zirakpur, and published in the “Journal of Rural Development”, National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj, Hyderabad, the study states that “average propensity to consume comes to 1.15 for an average farm household”, suggesting that their income less than their spending.
According to the study, the propensity to consume is the highest (1.35) among the marginal farm-size category, and decreases as farm size increases. Thus, it says, “An average household incurs an annual deficit of Rs 43,940.95. The highest deficit of Rs 64,459.08 is incurred by the small farm-size category, followed by the marginal, semi-medium and medium farm size categories.” It underlines, only “the large farm-size category has a surplus of Rs 66,533.35.”
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| A chart showing the income of various categories of farmers versus their expenditure |
As for the farm workers,the average propensity to consume per household comes to 1.12, with an average agricultural labour household incurring an annual deficit of Rs 9,427.17. “This”, states the study, “Implies that agricultural labour households try to maintain a minimum level of consumption and whether they can afford it or not.” The result is, an average amount of debt per agricultural labour household comes to Rs 54,709.30.
Based on a primary survey in three Punjab districts, Mansa, Ludhiana and Hoshiarpur with a sample size of 1,007 farm households and 301 agricultural labour households in 27 villages, the study shows that the annual income earned is Rs 1,39,365.27, Rs 2,22,992.32, Rs 3,69,432.68, Rs 5,66,407.60 and Rs 12,02,780.38 for each household with marginal, small, semi-medium, medium and large farm-size categories, and Rs 81,452.17 for an agricultural labour household.
However, when it comes to consumption expenditure, the households belonging to the large farm-size category record it at Rs 11,36,247.03, which is less than the income. On the other hand, it says, “The annual consumption expenditure for the marginal, small, semi-medium and medium farm-size categories has been recorded at Rs 1,88,523.14, Rs 2,87,451.40, Rs 4,05,573.08 and Rs 5,97,275.52, respectively”. As for an average agricultural labour household, it is Rs 90,897.37.
Pointing out that “the consumption expenditure of the large farm-size category is found to be 6.03 times the consumption expenditure of the marginal farm-size category and 12.5 times the consumption expenditure of the agricultural labour households”, the study says, while the “an average sampled farm household spends 40.29 per cent on the non-durable items”, the marginal farm-size category “spends the maximum, i.e., 50.38 per cent of total consumption expenditure on such items.”
With an annual consumption expenditure of Rs 90,897.37, an average agricultural labour household, on the other hand, spends 56.63 per cent on the non-durable items, of which food grains comes to 14.06 per cent, followed by milk and milk products and clothing 11.56 per cent and 5.58 per cent, respectively, and 18.62 per cent on services, especially healthcare (8.72 per cent) and education (4.39 per cent).
As for the expenditure on conveyance, entertainment and communication, which include socio-religious ceremonies if the agricultural labour household spends 16.43 per cent. On the other hand, if the expenditure on socio-religious ceremonies alone account for 18.22 per cent for an average farm household, its proportion is a high 32.09 per cent among the large farm-size category.
While four-fifths of all agricultural households are under debt, and the average amount of debt per sampled farm household is Rs 4,74,215.99, with the amount of indebtedness going up with each farm size, the amount of debt per acre owned tells the real story: It is the highest among the marginal farmers (Rs 1.41 lakh), followed by small farmers (Rs 1.21 lakh), semi-medium farmers (Rs 82,000), medium farmers (Rs 63,000), and large farmers (Rs 58,000).
* The writer is Editor of Counterview. A version of this article first appeared here.
Support The Draft by sharing this story.
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